Feeling the future: experimental evidence for anomalous retroactive influences on cognition and affect.
نویسنده
چکیده
The term psi denotes anomalous processes of information or energy transfer that are currently unexplained in terms of known physical or biological mechanisms. Two variants of psi are precognition (conscious cognitive awareness) and premonition (affective apprehension) of a future event that could not otherwise be anticipated through any known inferential process. Precognition and premonition are themselves special cases of a more general phenomenon: the anomalous retroactive influence of some future event on an individual's current responses, whether those responses are conscious or nonconscious, cognitive or affective. This article reports 9 experiments, involving more than 1,000 participants, that test for retroactive influence by "time-reversing" well-established psychological effects so that the individual's responses are obtained before the putatively causal stimulus events occur. Data are presented for 4 time-reversed effects: precognitive approach to erotic stimuli and precognitive avoidance of negative stimuli; retroactive priming; retroactive habituation; and retroactive facilitation of recall. The mean effect size (d) in psi performance across all 9 experiments was 0.22, and all but one of the experiments yielded statistically significant results. The individual-difference variable of stimulus seeking, a component of extraversion, was significantly correlated with psi performance in 5 of the experiments, with participants who scored above the midpoint on a scale of stimulus seeking achieving a mean effect size of 0.43. Skepticism about psi, issues of replication, and theories of psi are also discussed.
منابع مشابه
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Feeling the Future: Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive Influences on Cognition and Affect
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Response to Alcock
On December 3, 2010, James Alcock published an essay on this site (http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/back_from_the_future/) critiquing my article “Feeling the Future: Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive Influences on Cognition and Affect,” which has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (JPSP). (A prepublication copy is available ...
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BEM, D. J. (2011). Feeling the future: experimental evidence for anomalous retroactive influences on cognition and affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100, 407–425. EFRON, B. AND TIBSHIRANI, R. (2002). Empirical Bayes methods and false discovery rates for microarrays. Genetic Epidemiology 23, 70–86. FRANCIS, G. (2012). Too good to be true: publication bias in two prominent stud...
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ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Journal of personality and social psychology
دوره 100 3 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2011